Yellow phosphorus white phosphorus is a significantly more hazardous form of the element and may be present as a contaminant in red phosphorus. This allotrope of phosphorus is extremely toxic and the estimated human lethal dose is 50 - mg. This form must be stored under water as it burns rapidly and is spontaneously combustible upon exposure to air.
When working with amorphous phosphorus, it is prudent to consider the potential for yellow phosphorus contamination and related precautions required to handle the material safely.
White phosphorus may cause deep, slow healing burns. Brush off any visible solids. Rinse with copious amounts of water for at least 15 minutes.
Seek medical attention as needed. Thoroughly clean contaminated clothing and shoes before reuse. Ingestion: Red phosphorous is consider non-toxic in its pure form. However, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain or garlic odor on breath will indicate poisoning by the yellow allotrope.
Drink glasses of water and seek medical attention immediately. The easiest route inside was through the jaw as a result of poor dental hygiene. Symptoms would start off with tooth ache, then the teeth would fall out. The face would swell up and abscesses along the jaw would ooze the most foul-smelling pus. Holes would open up in the face along the jaw line, through which could be seen the dead bone underneath.
Sometimes the bone glowed in the dark from the accumulated phosphorus. Instead, to prevent phosphorus from moving to the internal organs and killing the individual through liver damage, the affected jawbone was removed. You can see the devastating effects of what became known as phossy jaw in anatomical collections such as the one at Barts Pathology Museum. The medical case on display on the ground floor of this spectacular three-storey medical collection shows the jawbone of one such sufferer, removed to save the patient from the potentially terminal effects of exposure.
It is easy to see where the bone has been eaten away by the phosphorus the patient must have been breathing in for years. The patient stayed in hospital for six weeks to recover and grow a new jawbone before he was released.
Sadly, after what must have been a truly horrendous experience, the patient died the very night he returned to his home. It is thought he choked in his sleep. Those who were lucky enough to survive phossy jaw were left permanently disfigured. You can understand why match workers went on strike. Though the first cases of phossy jaw presented themselves in the s, white phosphorus continued to be used until the early 20th century. In , Britain finally banned the use of white phosphorus in matches and it was replaced with the much safer red phosphorus that still adorns the side of match-boxes.
The warm zone should include two decontamination corridors. One decontamination corridor is used to enter the warm zone and the other for exiting the warm zone into the cold zone. The decontamination zone for exiting should be upwind and uphill from the zone used to enter. Decontamination area workers should wear appropriate PPE. See the PPE section of this card for detailed information.
A solution of detergent and water with a pH value of at least 8 but not higher than Soft brushes should be available to remove contamination from the PPE.
Labeled, durable 6-mil polyethylene bags should be available for disposal of contaminated PPE. Always move in a downward motion from head to toe. Make sure to get into all areas, especially folds in the clothing. Wash and rinse using cool water until the contaminant is thoroughly removed.
Wash PPE down with cool water to remove any white phosphorus particles before placing it into labeled durable 6-mil polyethylene bags. Remove all clothing at least down to their undergarments and place the clothing in a labeled durable 6-mil polyethylene bag. First Aid. If skin or eyes are contaminated with white phosphorus, cover them with cool wet cloths to avoid re-ignition. Immediately wash eyes with large amounts of cool water for at least 15 minutes. Keep exposed eyes covered with wet compresses to prevent white phosphorus particles from re-igniting.
Avoid applying any lipid- or oil-based ointments, which may increase the absorption of white phosphorus. Consider applying an eye cage to prevent direct pressure applied to the eyeball.
Seek medical attention immediately. Do not induce vomiting emesis. Monitor heart function. Evaluate for low blood pressure hypotension , abnormal heart rhythms dysrhythmias , and reduced respiratory function respiratory depression. Evaluate for low blood sugar hypoglycemia , electrolyte disturbances, and low oxygen levels hypoxia.
If there is evidence of shock or low blood pressure hypotension , begin intravenous IV fluid administration. Evaluate respiratory function and pulse. If shortness of breath occurs or breathing is difficult dyspnea , administer oxygen.
Assist ventilation as required. Always use a barrier or bag-valve-mask device. If breathing has ceased apnea , provide artificial respiration. Monitor for respiratory compromise, respiratory distress, and accumulation of fluid in the lungs pulmonary edema.
Immerse areas of affected skin in cold water or cover them with wet dressings at all times. Vigorous irrigation with cold water is the best way to remove white phosphorous embedded in the skin. Remove visible particles of white phosphorus while washing with large amounts of cold water or while the area is submerged in cold water. Immediately place any removed particles of white phosphorus into a container of cold water to reduce risk to medical personnel and others. If signs of whole-body systemic poisoning appear, see the Ingestion section for treatment recommendations.
Long-Term Implications. Treat seizures with benzodiazepines. For ingestion or extensive skin exposure, correct low blood levels of calcium hypocalcemia with IV calcium gluconate adult and child dose: 0. Phosphorus particles should glow fluoresce under UV light. With the exposed areas immersed in cold water to avoid ignition carefully remove all visualized phosphorus particles either loose or imbedded. The use of cold water has the potential to induce hypothermia. Take steps to guard against hypothermia.
Place particles of phosphorus that were removed in cold water-filled containers to prevent risk to medical personnel and others. Consultation with an ophthalmologist is required for eye exposure.
Stage 3: Nausea, vomiting bloody; hematemesis , and diarrhea; liver enlargement and tenderness and clinical signs of liver damage; blood vessels become fragile and blood stops clotting properly, resulting in bleeding into the skin, mucous membranes, and various organs; severe kidney damage and failure; seizures, delirium, and coma; cardiovascular collapse; and death may occur within 4 to 8 days.
However, it is not a suspected carcinogen. It is unknown whether chronic or repeated exposure to white phosphorus increases the risk of reproductive toxicity or developmental toxicity. Chronic industrial inhalation exposure to white phosphorus fumes has resulted in various symptoms.
On-Site Fatalities. Coordinate responsibilities and prepare to enter the scene as part of the evaluation team along with the FBI HazMat Technician, local law enforcement evidence technician, and other relevant personnel.
Begin tracking remains using waterproof tags.
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