Interestingly, experiments can only directly measure the magnitude squared of the electron wavefunction, and yet we need the original wavefunction in order to predict the outcome of many experiments. For this reason, some people say that the magnitude squared of the wavefunction is the only real entity, whereas the original wavefunction itself is just a mathematical crutch that is needed because our theory is inelegant.
Is the magnitude squared of the electron wavefuntion the real physical entity or is the original wavefunction the real physical entity? This question is really a philosophical one and not a physical one, so I will not pursue the question here.
To scientists, the question, "What is actually real? We are more concerned with making the equations match the experiments. So what does all this have to do with an electron in an atom? The point is that an atomic electron's raw wavefunction does vibrate, but the magnitude squared of the wavefunction does not vibrate. In fact, physicists call stable atomic electron states "stationary states" because the magnitude squared of the wavefunction is constant in time. If you consider the raw wavefunction to be the truly physical entity, then you have to say that an electron in an atom experiences motion in the form of a vibration.
If you consider the magnitude squared of the wavefunction to be the truly physical entity, then you have to say that an electron in an atom experiences no vibration, and therefore no motion. I consider the first choice to make more sense. You can mathematically show that certain atomic electron states contain angular momentum i. It's hard to make sense of the claim that an atomic electron contains angular momentum and at the same claim that the electron is completely motionless in every sense of the word.
For this reason, I prefer to view the raw wavefunction as the truly physical entity, and therefore an electron in an atom experiences motion in the form of vibrations. But, again, the question, "What is actually real? A lot of people think of electron flow as electrons moving along a wire freely like cars go down a highway. Actually, it works a little differently. Any conductor thing that electricity can go through is made of atoms.
Each atom has electrons in it. If you put new electrons in a conductor, they will join atoms, and each atom will spit out an electron to the next atom. A Fuse. Fuse Box. Objectives Describe the components required to complete an electric circuit.
Materials Per Group: students stool, chair or box masking tape box of Smarties or suitable small, nut free candy Key Questions How could we increase the current in other words, how can we make the electrons move faster? What To Do Students form a circle to represent the wire.
It may help to tape a circle on the floor or use a circle marked on the gym floor. Explain that the students are electrons. There are always electrons in the wire, and they are always moving randomly, a little bit in every direction. Choose one of the students to be the power source battery. The closest student to the battery moves forward to get a Smartie. As soon as the electrons start moving in one place, they start moving everywhere. As the electrons pass the battery, they get energy Next pick someone to be a switch.
The switch, when off, will completely stop the electron movement. Now put a stool or a chair or a box in the circle. This represents a resistance. The electrons have to climb over the stool to move forward. The whole electron chain will slow down, showing that the current slows down when there is a resistance.
The amount of work required to move a charge between to points or the work per unit of charge is called the 'electric potential difference ' between the two points.
The unit of potential difference is called the volt. Potential difference can be either positive or negative depending on the movement of the charge. To move charges we need a device that can do work. Such devices include: batteries, generators, thermocouples and batteries.
Electrons do not move along a wire like cars on a highway. Actually, Any conductor thing that electricity can go through is made of atoms. Each atom has electrons in it. If you put new electrons in a conductor, they will join atoms, and each atom will deliver an electron to the next atom.
This next atom takes in the electron and sends out another one on the other side. Electromotive force, also called emf and measured in volts is the voltage developed by any source of electrical energy such as a battery or generator.
It is generally defined as the electrical potential for a source in a circuit. A device that supplies electrical energy is called electromotive force or emf.
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